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Existing empirical studies on the relation between inequality and growth have been criticized for their focus on income inequality and their use of cross-country data sets. Schipper and Hoogeveen use two sets of small area welfare estimates-often referred to as poverty maps-to estimate a model of rural per capita expenditure growth for Uganda between 1992 and 1999. They estimate the growth effects of expenditure and education inequality while controlling for other factors, such as initial levels of expenditure and human capital, family characteristics, and unobserved spatial heterogeneity. The authors correct standard errors to reflect the uncertainty due to the fact that they use estimates rather than observations. They find that per capita expenditure growth in rural Uganda is affected positively by the level of education as well as by the degree of education inequality. Expenditure inequality does not have a significant impact on growth.

Cross-Country Data --- Data Sets --- Developing Countries --- Economic Growth --- Empirical Evidence --- Empirical Research --- Empirical Studies --- Equity and Development --- Growth Regression --- Growth Regressions --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Capital --- Income --- Income Inequality --- Inequality --- Inequality Measure --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Policy Research --- Population Policies --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Incidence --- Poverty Reduction --- Poverty Reduction Strategies --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Regional Dummies --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Significant Effect --- Significant Impact

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COVID-19 is one of multiple crises to have hit the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in the decade following the Arab Spring. War, oil price declines, economic slowdowns, and now a pandemic are tearing at the social fabric of a region characterized by high rates of unemployment, high levels of informality, and low annual economic growth. The economic costs of the pandemic are estimated at about USD 227 billion, and fiscal support packages across MENA are averaging 2.7 percent of GDP, putting pressure on already weak fiscal balances and making a quick recovery challenging. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, MENA was the only region in the world experiencing increases in poverty and declines in life satisfaction. Distributional Impacts of COVID-19 in the Middle East and North Africa Region investigates how COVID-19 changed the welfare of individuals and households in the region. It does so by relying on phone surveys implemented across the region and complements these with microsimulation exercises to assess the impact of COVID-19 on jobs, income, poverty, and inequality. The two approaches complement and corroborate each other's results, thereby making the findings more robust and richer. This report's results show that, in the short run, poverty rates in MENA will increase significantly and inequality will widen. A group of 'new poor' is likely to emerge that may have difficulty recovering from the economic consequences of COVID-19. The report adds value by analyzing newly gathered primary data, along with projections based on newly modeled micro- and macrosimulations, and by identifying key issues that policy makers should focus on to enable a quick, inclusive, and sustained economic recovery.

Poverty --- Africa, North --- Middle East --- Economic conditions.

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This paper uses a unique data set to analyze the migration dynamics of refugees, returnees, and internally displaced people during the Northern Mali conflict. Individuals were interviewed monthly using mobile phones. The results cast light on the characteristics of these three groups before and after the crisis. In addition, the paper tests how employment status, security, and expectations affect people's willingness to go back home. The findings suggest that the decision to return is affected by a comparison of (opportunity) costs and benefits, but also by other factors. Individuals who are employed while displaced are less willing to go back to the North, as are better educated individuals or those receiving assistance. The opposite is true for those whose ethnicity is Songhai, as well as for those who originated from Kidal. The results show that higher educated individuals performed better when displaced and in case they decide to return, they find a job more easily.

Forced Migration --- Internally Displaced People --- Refugee